Journal of Clinical Nursing FOLLOW-UP CARE An exploratory study of the Assignment

Journal of Clinical Nursing FOLLOW-UP CARE An exploratory study of the follow-up care needs of patients treated for colorect - Assignment Example This is in line with the assertions of Alasuutari, P. et al. (2008); Balsley (2007) that a document abstract should in brief present the researcher’s proposed objectives and whether they were met; how he/she had proposed to carry out the research-the research paper design; the reasons for choosing such a design given there are so many design methodologies citing the advantages and disadvantages and comparing the shortcomings with those of other potential design methods; perceived outcomes citing the actual and the expected impacts. Further, the abstract should clearly give the research methodology including the research tools giving reasons of their choice, the data collection methods, , how the data will be analyzed and including the software to be used (SPSS, STATA, EnVivo, GenStat etc) in addition to research schedule and envisaged budget. As Alasuutari, P. et al. (2008) puts it, all the above are meant to present the research protocol in an easier manner to comprehend. The authors of the research paper article have taken all the above into consideration while writing the paper. One important aspect included in the research paper it background, which gives a foundation for the paper citing the existing information gap to form a sound justification for current and future research works in the area. Further, relevance of the research work in the provision of health services is well articulated and sound well for a research work findings which are expected to be generalized and replicated. Evaluation In any research work, the research design and methodology which form the research protocol are entirely based on proposed research objectives. Research objectives guide the researcher in the formulation of specific, measureable, attainable, realistic and time bound activities which guide the researcher in avoiding those that are likely to interfere with the research timelines and budget. According to Kinta, B. et al. (2010), the research objective was to exp lore patient perceptions of their experiences of follow-up care after treatment for colorectal cancer. The research objective is supported by the formulated questions which the research aims at answering and which are disaggregate into a level which is easily manageable. In this case the null hypothesis assumed that the traditional method of routine hospital follow-up may be effective in the surveillance of disease recurrence, but does not always address patients’ psycho-social and information needs adequately (Kinta, B. et al. 2010). The null hypothesis assumed none effect of follow-up of cancer patients. The formulated hypothesis formed the basis for the development of research tools, data collection protocol, determination of the analysis methods and the way to report the findings. Hypothesis formulation is very important in that, they are integral parts which guide the readers on what to expect, what the research paper aimed at in addition to reducing the research questio ns into manageable components (Babbie 2007). The importance of a research article is clearly captured by the authors stating that nurse-led clinics and/or telephone follow-up by specialist nurses may be effective models of care for this particular patient group, providing appropriate access for meeting clinical, psycho-social and

Organizational Behavior And Communication Paper Essay Example for Free

Organizational Behavior And Communication Paper Essay Southwest Airlines Organizational Behavior Communication Paper Erica Sepulveda Communications for Accountants/Com 530 January 30, 2012 Southwest Airlines Organizational Behavior Communication Paper Airlines, such as Southwest Airlines, strive to provide the best customer service that they can offer to keep their customers happy. A prospective Southwest passenger may probably make their reservation by calling the customer service number, logging on to the company’s website, or booking at an airport with a Southwest Airlines agent. The employees that assist these prospective and actual passengers are considered the backbone of the company and do their best to represent Southwest in the finest way possible. One may question, what makes these employees happy? What kind of organization culture are they surrounded by on a daily basis? â€Å"A strong organizational culture provides stability to an organization† (Robbins Judge. , 2011, pg. 520). Culture of Southwest Airlines According to Southwest Airlines mission statement, â€Å"Employees will be provided the same concern, respect, and caring attitude within the organization that they are expected to share externally with every Southwest Customer† (Southwest Airlines, 2012). This definitely shows a positive sign that the majority of employees working for this corporation are happy. As an unemployed individual looking for employment, a position within Southwest is where they would want to be. It’s evident that this company values their employees and strives to keep them happy. Happy Employees = Happy Customers. Happy Customers keep Southwest flying† (Southwest Airline, 2012). Recently, Southwest Airlines was honored as one of the best companies to work for. â€Å"Southwest Airlines (NYSE: LUV)has been recognized as one of the top 50 Best Places to Work, a significant achievement, as nearly 150,000 companies are rated by their employees on Glassdoor† (PR Newswire, 2011). This p oint certainly proves that this organization’s espoused values align with its enacted values. Communication Roles within Southwest Airlines Company An organization’s culture plays a critical role in the way communication is done throughout the company. Southwest airlines, for example is a huge company with thousands of employees. One would guess that communication within this organization takes more of a virtual approach. However, just because they are a huge company, doesn’t mean that communication with others or the voices of management won’t be casual. As Kelleher, CEO of Southwest, said himself: â€Å"Theres a lot being said about the importance of communication, for instance. But it cant be rigid; it cant be formal. It has to proceed directly from the heart. It has to be spontaneous; it has to be between individuals seeing each other on the elevator† (Lee, 1994). This corresponds to the culture of the organization that Kelleher works very hard to maintain. As a CEO who values his employees, we see here that he’s not afraid to show how he is and how much he believes in making the environment a happy and comfortable one for his employees. Perceptions Within Southwest Airlines Let’s consider an employee of one of Southwest competitors wishing that they worked for this airline instead of their current employer. Hearing all the wonderful stories about working for this company and how happy everyone is leads this employee to think that he/she is working for the wrong company. The perception here is that an employee at Southwest is happier than an employee working for the competitor. Robbins ; Judge defines Perceptions as, â€Å"a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment† (Robbins ; Judge, 2011. g 168). Additionally, they mention that what we perceive may not be what the situation actually turns out to be. Reading information or listening to others rant about how wonderful the culture is within a company doesn’t necessarily mean its all good. While employees may be happier than miserable working for Southwest, I highly doubt that there aren’t challeng es that are faced at times in their positions. Research has shown that Southwest Airlines espoused values mirrors their enacted values. However, suppose it didn’t. What happens if the perceptions of their culture, communication and work environment is said to be â€Å"peachy†, however it really isn’t? Suppose employees were really unhappy and the mission statement of Southwest really wasn’t followed in the way they operate their organization. This leads to bad perceptions, along with potential employees ; customers assuming that this organization is voicing something that it’s not. This is an example of how misalignment between espoused values and enacted values would affect perceptions within Southwest Airlines organization. Conflict within Southwest Airlines Conflict is another important topic that should be considered in organizations like Southwest Airlines. â€Å"Conflict results from differences between group members differences in personality, perception, information, culture, and power or influence† (Beebe ; Masterson, 2009. , pg 152). Conflict is something that every company and individual deal with at some point in time. While some people may view conflicts as a bad thing, in actuality and depending on the situations involved, the conflict may be viewed as a great learning experience. Southwest Airlines view conflicts as a way to strengthen and build relationships (Gittel, 2003, Chapter 8). The individuals that are initially involved in the conflicts should first try to come to an agreement. It’s best to make sure that the conflict isn’t over a misunderstanding or something that’s not an issue. If an agreement or resolution can’t be agreed upon, it may be wise to get the other member of the team or group involved. â€Å"When conflicts arise at Southwest and are not resolved by the parties themselves, a conflict resolution process is used† (Gittel, 2003, Chapter 8). Getting others involved will likely help determine why there is a disagreement and somehow find the resolution that the parties couldn’t come to on their own. Southwest Airlines is one the most prosperous airlines in the US today. Many of the other Airlines try to use the methods that Southwest employs to keep their company, staff and employees in good standing. â€Å"The mission of Southwest Airlines is dedication to the highest quality of Customer Service delivered with a sense of warmth, friendliness, individual pride, and Company Spirit†.

The Moor in Othello Essay -- Othello essays

The Moor in Othello  Ã‚        Ã‚   Who can resist empathizing with the unfortunate protagonist in William Shakespeare’s Othello? He is so noble, and yet so victimized by the cunning Iago.    Is it his â€Å"gullibility† which leads to his downfall? Morton W. Bloomfield and Robert C. Elliott   in Great Plays: Sophocles to Brecht posit the â€Å"lack of insight† of the hero as the cause of his tragic fall:    Othello’s lack of insight, cunningly played upon by Iago, leads to his downfall. And as the full enormity of his deed dawns upon him in the great scene of tragic self-revelation at the end, the audience may perhaps experience catharsis, that purgation of the soul brought about by an almost unbearable pity for him and his victims, and by terror at what human nature is capable of and what pitfalls await us in life. Throughout the play, the audience posses the information which Iago's victim does not have; the viewers know all along what Othello does not know. From that omniscient view, they look upon this tortured human being with a strong sense of the irony and tragedy of his position.   (39)    From the text of the play a number of clues can be gleaned which round out the description of the general. In William Shakespeare: The Tragedies, Paul A. Jorgensen describes the general in Othello:    Though scarcely the â€Å"barbarian† (1.3.353) he is called, the Moor is emphatically black, probably rough, even fearsome, in appearance, and a foreign mercenary from Mauritania in refined Venice. Though of royal blood, since the age of seven he had a restrictive, painful life, being sold into slavery and spending most of his life in â€Å"the tented field† (1.3.85). His â€Å"occupation† (3.3.357), to a degree found in no other Shakes... ...ice his life next to the corpse of Desdemona; for he â€Å"Like the base Judean, threw a pearl away / Richer than all his tribe [. . .] .† He dies a noble death, just as he has lived a noble life. Michael Cassio’s evaluation of his end is our evaluation: â€Å"This did I fear, but thought he had no weapon; / For he was great of heart.†       WORKS CITED    Bloomfield, Morton W. and Robert C. Elliott, ed. Great Plays: Sophocles to Brecht. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1965.    Coles, Blanche. Shakespeare’s Four Giants. Rindge, New Hampshire: Richard Smith Publisher, 1957.    Jorgensen, Paul A. William Shakespeare: The Tragedies. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1985.    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.

The Relationship Shared Amongst Students and Teachers Essay -- Educati

Relationship Shared amongst Teachers and Students Nowadays, there is much controversy plaguing our society as to how the perfect relationship between teachers and their students should be. One pupil might be favored more than another in the classroom by the teacher, making this extra attention unfair to the other students. Almost always, there is a question pending as to what should the situation be inside a classroom. Nobody has yet come up with a solution to solve the problems facing our societys school system and the relationship the students hold with their teachers. An equal balance of fairness, dedication, and hard work should come from both teachers and students. Once we achieve this goal, our classrooms will have teachers giving a hundred percent and their will and effort to teach while the students give their hundred percent of effort to learn and participate at the same time. The teachers responsibilities are much greater than that of the students. In the Mission Statements, I found an interesting quote from the Evergreen State College which says, The main purpose of a college is to teach, and good teaching involves close interaction between faculty and students (54). I strongly agree with what this college mission is saying because this statement personifies teachers responsibilities since the better teachers teach, the closer those teachers will reach out to their students filling the students anxious brains with more knowledge. Fulfilling this task will both make a successful student and well as a successful teacher. To ensure the best education for a student, teachers must put forth all efforts and knowledge to enlighten their students. Often times, you can find students just not willing to pay attention to... ... waste and vice-versa. Teachers may feel more pressured due to concerned parents or others who want their children to have the best education as possible. This can be avoided if the teacher educates very thoroughly and properly to get across to the majority of the students if not all of them. This relationship is not like a see-saw, there cannot be more effort put from one than the other. The relationship must be equal from both the teacher and the students side to achieve success on both ends. Works Cited Hart, Jeffrey. How to Get a College Education. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2000: 126-132 Lunsford, Andrea A. and John J. Ruszkiewicz. The Presence of Others. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2000. Rose, Mike. Lives on the Boundary. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2000: 105-119. Thomas, David. The Mind of Man. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2000: 120- 125.

Dear Grandma

Dear Grandma, Hello, how are you? I hope your doing well, I really do miss you. First I think it is amazing that you found this genetic testing kit online, it does sound very interesting. I do want to explain to you how exactly DNA works. According to (Freudenrich, 2013) in order for cells to function in the body, protein needs to be made. DNA regulates a cells activity, and it is able to do this in two particular steps: Transcription, and Translation. Transcription is a process where there is a copy made of one gene within the DNA.Transcription made possible by an enzyme (which is more a complex protein that works to make a chemical change in the body). I hope this is understandable so far. This specific enzyme is called RNA polymerase, I know, there are a lot of complex names. Well, in order for the RNA polymerase to make mRNA (which is the copy) it has to first bind itself to this specific DNA sequence of the gene, which is called the promoter. This unwinds the two DNA strands, an d uses one as a guide. It then matches new nucleotides (which a compound made up of a phosphate group, a sugar and a nitrogenous base. with their complements on the DNA strand and binds them together to form a complementary copy of the original DNA strand which is now called mRNA. This sequence stops when it reaches a stop codon (which is basically a nucleotide that tells the process to stop). The next process is translation where ribosomes in cells manufacture proteins. The mRNA that was made is then decoded by these ribosomes in order to make a certain amino acid chain, which is called a polypeptide. This polypeptide will then become a protein. Now that I have explained this, I should talk about how diseases can come about.In DNA, there could be an alteration of the sequences of bases. This alteration is called a mutation, which can cause a change in the DNA structure and therefore the way the proteins are being produced in the translation process. For example Grandma, one disease that can be found by genetic testing is cystic fibrosis. Cystic Fibrosis is the disease that our cousin Jake has. He was diagnosed when he was five years old. Cystic Fibrosis is a disease that affects the lungs mostly and sometimes the intestine, liver, and pancreas. It causes difficulty of breathing from lung infections.Although it is treatable, it can get worse. If it does get worse, lung transplant is the last option. The reason a person would want to be tested for this because it is a hard thing to deal with in life. A lot of people, especially younger kids can’t participate in sports, or leave their bed. What kind of life would that be? The reason that some tests determine that you will definitely have a disease and that for some diseases will show if you have likelihood or not because some genetic disorders can be inherited, and some only develop in life according to (Humanillnesses 2013).In addition, some genetic disorders develop due to radiation or chemicals in the world. You know, I will honestly say there are advantages and disadvantages to this at-home genetic test kits. One advantage is that you do not have to make or have many appointments with a specialist of some sort to find this information out. It will take quicker to find the results and you won’t have to waste money on gas, and you will save time. Another advantage is that this allows people their genetic disorder information. This benefits the whole world; it benefits myself if I were to use it.It would also benefit me by knowing what my family, friends and significant others are likely to have. One disadvantage of these kits is that would they be accurate? Would we be able to accurately read this information and understand it by ourselves at home? I thought of this because in (Janice Lloyd 2012) article, she was describing how at home tests are unreliable. I don’t think I would be able to completely trust this product in a topic this important. Another disadvantage is that I’m sure there will be competition between companies about this at- home genetic testing kit. How will I know which companies are fake, or real?Or, how expensive will these kits become? I know you said these kits are apparently $100, but I’m sure if these kits become more popular they will rise in cost. That’s not fair for other families that won’t have this type of money to spend, which creates another problem for the health care issue as described by (Janice Lloyd, 2012) in another article. It mentions that it may be difficult for families to get long term, or life long insurances for some conditions. In a more detailed note, I do believe that companies should also freely market tests for conditions that cannot be cured.I think knowledge is power. So if more people are aware that they will definitely have a certain disease or that their children might have them, there will be, as a result, a more desirable cure for them. Therefore, a louder call for research to be taken place, because after all necessity is the mother of invention. Grandma, after writing the above to you, I will most likely choose to be genetically tested. I want to know if I have some horrible disease in my future. If I had something like Huntington disease, I would choose not to have children.I wouldn’t want to know that I had it and then have a child that tests positive for it and can’t live their life. It wouldn’t be right for me to do that. It’s not fair for any of my future children if this was the case. Bibliography: How DNA Works. (n. d. ). HowStuffWorks. Retrieved April 12, 2013, from http://science. howstuffworks. com/life/cellular-microscopic/dna5. htm Cystic Fibrosis. (n. d. ). Wikipedia. Retrieved April 13, 2013, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis Cystic Fibrosis. (n. d. ). Wikipedia. Retrieved April 12, 2013, from http://www. umanillnesses. com/original/Gas-Hep/Genetic-Diseases. html#b#ixzz2QOz8WqZ g Genetic testing and disease: Would you want to know?. (n. d. ). USA Today. Retrieved April 12, 2013, from http://usatoday30. usatoday. com/news/health/story/2012-04-09/genetic-testing-huntingtons-disease/54475708/1#. T9e3-dCAwCI. email Genetic testing: Does Kristen Powers have mom's fatal gene?. (n. d. ). USA Today. Retrieved April 12, 2013, from http://usatoday30. usatoday. com/news/health/story/2012-06-02/huntingtons-genetic-testing-followup/55345096/1? loc=interstitialskip

Compulsive Buying Behavior as a Lifestyle

Compulsive Buying Behavior as a Lifestyle Introduction On April 1900, Paris held a world trade fair, which brought together people from different consumer markets to celebrate past technological achievements and gain an insight into potential futuristic developments.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Compulsive Buying Behavior as a Lifestyle specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The trade fair portrayed the potential of the then and future civilizations to deploy technology, creativity, and innovation to create more consumables to better the life of the future generations. The trade fair set the foundation for availing more products and services in the marketplace. Primarily, products are availed in the markets for consumers to buy and the buying behaviors are subject to various factors. The organizations’ ability to generate sales revenue is greatly influenced by their capacity to influence the consumers’ buying behavior. However, Grant, Clark e, and Kyriazis (2013) affirm that the consumer buying behavior is complex because it is influenced by internal and external factors. The academic trend in studying buying behaviors views them as personality disorders. This approach holds that consumers purchase products compulsively due to anxiety or depression associated with not buying the same products. This research takes a different approach of studying the consumers’ buying behaviors from what is in the current academic trend. Rather than studying buying behaviors as compulsive disorders, it studies them as lifestyles driven by societal pressures. Without these behaviors, people are rejected from a given societal class. Compulsive behavior varies according to various demographic differences. For example, women are highly compulsive buyers as opposed to men. However, this conclusion is based on what the society considers as abnormal or normal.Advertising Looking for dissertation on psychology? Let's see if we ca n help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For a considerable duration, some societies have conceptualized normality in terms of men’s behaviors. This perspective suggests that if compulsive buying behavior is more prevalent amongst women as compared to men, it is considered abnormal. This paper refutes such as a conclusion. This paper’s aims and objectives are three-fold. It conducts a systematic review of the current literature on personality and personality disorders literature coupled with how they contribute to the compulsive buying behaviors. The second objective entails an investigation of whether compulsive behavior is a personality disorder. Thirdly, it studies the possibility of compulsive behavior being a lifestyle as opposed to a personality disorder. The study has significant contributions to the academic research on consumer buying behaviors. The dissertation overlooks different factors increasing the prevalence of compulsive buying behavior (CBB) or aggravating it. Stressing on some of these factors is necessary since it has not been projected in previous studies of compulsive buying behavior. Therefore, it sets forth a different paradigm of understanding CBB. This aspect offers a different way for formulating policies and programs for industries for promoting their products by designing and marketing products and services to meet the lifestyles leading to purchases. Shopping is an essential component of daily life (Li, Unger Bi, 2014). However, purchasing without considering its consequences is impulsive, which may lead to anxiety and unhappiness. The main challenge arises when it becomes frequent and uncontrollable. The paper is organized into four sections. Section 1 reviews the available literature on compulsive buying behaviors and their association with personality and personality disorders. Section 2 discusses the research methodology. Section 3 presents the results and findings of the research study.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Compulsive Buying Behavior as a Lifestyle specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Literature review Compulsive buying behavior Shopping entails an important aspect of all people coupled with the economy. While this aspect is a normal behavior, challenges emerge when people overindulge in it without paying attention to its consequences. More focus in buying behaviors has been on compulsive purchasing as it has negative consequences for individuals. Neuner, Raab, and Reisch (2005) support this assertion adding that more focus on research on compulsive purchasing behavior is due to the view that it is more prevalent among consumers of all demographic differences. Marketing research focuses on understanding the people’s shopping culture and sought after products and services so that its research and design can focus on these attributes to attract high sales. Indeed, much of the work on this topic has been conducted from marketing research perspective. Dittmar, Long, and Bond (2007) suggest that people having compulsive purchasing behavior have high probabilities of experiencing strong buying desire, which overcomes the harms of the compulsion on financial coupled with social aspects of life. Faber and O’Guinn (1992) add that such people do not possess the mechanism for differentiating between abnormal and normal buying behaviors. The question then remains as the origin of such behaviors. Some studies cite compulsive buying as a psychological problem. Traditionally, psychologists have viewed personality as a distinction criterion for people’s behaviors. Behaviorism encompasses one of the important schools of thought explaining why people engage in some behaviors and not others. The big five traits theory also explains the differences among people indecision-making.Advertising Looking for dissertation on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Experimental analysis of people’s behaviors suggests that interactions with the environment influence one’s personality. However, Goodstein and Lanyon (2009) argue that internal thinking processes coupled with feelings are critical in influencing and structuring of people’s personalities. Studying compulsive behavior from the perspective of behavioral psychology introduces some challenges depending on the psychological theoretical arguments used. For example, traditional psychologists tested how behaviors influence personality through animal experimentation. They believed that animals and people shared similarities in terms of the learning process. However, as Goodstein and Lanyon (2009) argue, human learning processes are progressive. The psychological behavioral theory explains the dynamic process of obtaining the new learning, which shapes one’s personality. After learning behaviors, Goodstein and Lanyon (2009) suggest that before inflexibility of the personality, people can experience emotional responses towards a given situation, thus causing a personality change. However, as learning continues, it slows down the personality, thus causing stabilization. This assertion implies that people experience stable responses towards a give environmental stimulus (Stricker, Widiger Weiner, 2003). Influenced by this pedagogy, marketers deploy classical conditioning to enhance the consumption of their products. This aspect explains the divergent views on how conditioning influences behaviors. Neuner et al (2005) argue that emotions do not affect operant conditioning (behaviors). Behaviors should be studied from paradigms of environmental influences. Psychological behaviorism holds that classical coupled with operant conditions play significant roles in influencing people’s behaviors (Pachauri, 2001). Several factors may contribute to people’s emotional responses. These constitute the thoughts, beliefs, and perceptions affecti ng people’s emotional responses to the specific stimulus. Physiological behaviorism links emotions demonstrated by individuals with responses to the biological and environmental stimuli. These emotions can be affirmative or negative toward different stimuli. For example, a positive pulse to a food stimulus or a negative emotion in response to the stimuli causes dislike and unwanted feeling. This aspect suggests that microtonal responses can help in increasing a purchasing behavior of a given products. Li et al. (2014) define compulsive buying behavior as chronic tendency for purchasing products and services in response to negative conditions and feelings. The behaviors encompass an unconditioned response towards desires for goods or services and feelings of depression due to anxiety. This aspect implies that the desire to purchase specific types of services or goods leads tithe development of compulsive behavior. The absence of these products or services induces stress or anx iety, which induces the compulsive buying behavior. The five-personality dimension theory may also influence people’s behaviors, viz. the compulsive purchasing behavior. Indeed, Mueller, Mitchell, Claes, Faber, Fischer, and De Zwaan (2011) believe that personality plays important roles in influencing compulsive buying behavior. Personality refers to â€Å"the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others† (Goodstein Lanyon, 2009, p.291). It is measured by the traits that people exhibit. Research on personality in an organizational context has focused on labeling various traits, which describe employees and customer behaviors. Some of the personality traits that have been established by various researches as having the ability to influence the behavior of people include ambition, loyalty, aggressiveness, agreeableness, submissiveness, laziness, assertiveness, and being extroverted among others. Kihlstrom, Beer, and Klein (2002) posit,  "Neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness comprise the big five personality traits† (p. 84). These traits can define factors characterizing consumer behavior as a personality type. Literature considering roles of big five-personality traits theory in compulsive buying theory depicts incompatibilities in their results. However, consciousness encompasses an important trait, which can explain the differences in compulsive behaviors among different consumers. Mueller et al. (2011) argue that although consciousness may be important in explaining differences in consumption behavior, which is important in predicting compulsive buying behavior, neuroticism does not relate to the behavior. Borrowing from the work of Otero-Là ³pez and Pol (2013), consumers fall into three groups, viz. high, medium, and low propensity in terms of their buying behaviors. According to Kihlstrom et al. (2002), the group â€Å"having the highest propensity possesses the hig hest levels of neuroticism and lowest consciousness† (p. 85). The group also features the highest level of neuroticism, which includes anxiety, depression, and impulsiveness. Conversely, the group has relative to medium and low compulsive buying behaviors. Propensity groups have the weakest extraversion assertiveness, positive emotions, and self-consciousness. Compulsive buying behavior: a personality disorder Compulsive purchasing behavior encompasses an excessive dysfunctional consumption behavior, which aggravates people’s lives emotionally, financially, and mentally (Koran, Faber, Aboujaoude, Large Serpe, 2006). Compulsive buying behavior manifests itself through psychological problems like depression and anxiety. This aspect makes theorists like Faber and O’Guinn (1989) to consider it as a personality disorder. Personality disorder describes perennial maladaptive ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving amongst individuals. However, Dittmar et al. (2007) arg ue that in defining compulsive buying behavior, it is critical to recognize that all disorders and perceptions of abnormality have cultural norm influences apart from considering disorders, which can be managed clinically. The 2013 version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) classifies disorders into five annexes. Personality disorders fall under annex 2 in cluster C. This group comprises disorders like depression and schizophrenia. It also entails less maladaptive disorders characterized by anxiety and dependent personality or obsessive-compulsive disorders. In the manual, compulsive buying behavior does not appear. Despite the non-inclusion of compulsive buying behavior in the list of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, many psychologists contend that it should fall under the anxiety personality category due to its characteristics of anxiety coupled with negative feelings amongst people suffering from it. However, this contention attracts controversies. For example, Li et al. (2014) argue that the behavior encompasses an obsessive-compulsive disorder since it has symptoms similar to it. Black (2001) suggests that it becomes compulsive due to lack of impulsive control. Studies like Faber and O’Guinn (1992) attempt to highlight the relationships between compulsive buying behaviors and personality traits coupled with family lifestyles. This aspect suggests that the literature on compulsive buying behavior mainly focuses on analyzing it as a personality disorder. An important gap exists in the attempt to relate the behavior with people’s lifestyles. The current research approaches the problem of compulsive buying behavior as a lifestyle problem rather than a personality disorder. In achieving this concern, it is also important to study it from the pedagogy of obsessive compulsion. Indeed, studies based on self-reports indicate that compulsive buyers experience similar symptoms to people with obses sive-compulsive disorder. This aspect includes high anxiety and stress that eventually lead to buying unneeded goods with anticipation for the reduction of negative feelings. The satisfaction of desires influences anxiety and stress levels for a limited period so that compulsive buying becomes a repeated action. This aspect suggests relationship between compulsive buying behaviors with obsessive-compulsive behaviors. People suffering from compulsive disorders have possibilities of having experienced situations in life, which led to mistrusts of their priorities coupled with their abilities. The obsessive-compulsive disorder is conceptualized from the paradigms of pursuance of eliminating the anxiety and stressful thoughts in executing certain individual acts. Similarly, experiencing anxiety, depression, and stress are typical symptoms of compulsive buying behavior leading to the development of the urge to engage in compulsive buying. Faber and O’Guinn (1992) argue that this b ehavior is an abnormal consumption behavior. It is abnormal to the extent that after purchasing to reduce stress and negative experiences, people often regret due to its repercussions like ensuing financial challenges. Black (2001) suggests that for persons with the compulsive behavior disorder, their attention and thoughts give rise to anxiety and compulsions to reduce discomforts associated with failure to purchase products and services they desire urgently. Obsessions entail negative feelings experienced by people before they engage in compulsive behavior in a bid to reduce anxieties, which encompass feeling of guilt for not engaging in a given act. Amid the established relationship between obsessive behavior and compulsive behaviors including compulsive buying behavior, Koran et al. (2006) classify it under impulsive control disorder. People become susceptible to impulsive control disorder when they cannot control different urges. Koran et al. (2001) assert that people with comp ulsive buying disorder often think about shopping as opposed to thinking about its consequences or the objective of purchasing products and services. For example, if a woman purchases cosmetics and clothing in a bid to satisfy her self-esteem, she may do so without thinking about this objective. It is also impossible to recognize that the buying behavior subjects her to vulnerabilities of suffering from compulsive buying. This aspect suggests the importance of developing an appropriate scale for measuring compulsive purchasing behavior so that individuals can know when developing the problem. Faber and O’Guinn (1989) made one of the earliest attempts to develop a scale for measuring compulsive buying behavior. The scale aimed at differentiating compulsive buyers from non-compulsive ones. Attempts have been made to improve on the scale by incorporating mechanisms for identifying the attitudes toward product categories, processes of acquisition, and post-purchase feedbacks like positive or negative emotions as remorse after spending. The most recent edition of the scale assesses the spending patterns coupled with behaviors, emotions, and feelings of people towards the desired products and process of acquisition. Indeed, finance management through cash or credit cards constitutes some of the good examples of progressive precision in conceptualizing the compulsive buying disorder. The Faber and O’Guinn (1989) scale for differentiation of compulsive buyers from non-compulsive buyers has some limitations. It entails a binary approach to measurement, which introduces challenges of measuring the propensity of the behavior. However, the scale is crucial as it forms the foundation for the development of scales for measuring people’s compulsive buying behavior. For example, Edwards (1993) developed a scale for measuring the behavior based on Faber and O’Guinn’s scale. Through the incorporation of spending behaviors as the dependent vari able, the scale permits researchers to rate compulsive buying behaviors depending on their propensity. It classifies consumption behaviors into non-compulsive, low compulsive, medium compulsive, and high compulsive (Edwards, 1993). The compulsive spending model identifies five factors related to compulsive purchasing behaviors. These are the â€Å"tendency to spend, compulsion to spend, feeling about shopping and spending, dysfunctional spending, and post-purchase guilt† (Koran et al. 2006, p. 1810). From the 1980s, there has been an incredible scholarly research on compulsive spending behavior among consumers. For instance, Koran et al. (2006) argue that more than 5 percent of Americans are dealing with compulsive purchasing behavior. Kukar, Ridgway, and Monroe (2009) reckon that the trend has now increased by about 4 percent to stand at more than 8.5 percent. However, there is no scholarly contention on factors leading to the increasing compulsive buying behavior among the Americans and other people across the globe. Almost all researches on this subject deploy personality disorder to construct their hypothesis. This aspect excludes many other factors like lifestyles, which may account for the increasing behavior. Irrespective of the improvements in the mechanisms of detecting mental disorders, the conceptualization of the disorder is incomplete (Li, Unger Bi, 2014). For example, the definition of normal and abnormal behaviors is not straightforward. Gaps remain on what amounts to a normal consumption behavior (Freshwater, Sherwood Drury, 2006). Parts of these gaps are due to the view that people’s behaviors are subject to culture and living styles, but not necessarily a mental disorder. The latest edition of the DSM-IVTR is composed of five axes for diagnosis based on the Western masculine ideals for a ‘healthy† person. It is likely to define the normal typical behavior of people, especially women, from other cultures as the abno rmal behavior (Neuner, Raab Reisch, 2005). In such cultures, their behaviors are considered as normal in all aspects as they fit within their norms and cultural value systems. This aspect suggests that what amounts to a normal behavior in a multicultural context is a contentious issue. Compulsive buying behavior varies with respect to different demographic characteristics of people. For example, it varies according to gender with women having high prevalence levels for the behavior (Maraz et al., 2014). This assertion confirms the validity of an earlier study by Neuner et al. (2005), indicating higher prevalence levels for the behavior among women as compared to men. However, Koran et al. (2006) hold that compulsive purchasing transcends gender and it can be viewed as a common personality disorder affecting women and men in equal thresholds. These discrepancies may be accounted for by the perceptions of normal and abnormal behaviors. For example, masculine purchasing behavior may b e labeled normal while feminine purchasing behaviors are labeled abnormal. Methods and theories for measuring prevalence may also have prejudices in terms of what amounts to a normal behavior. Amid the discrepancies of the prevalence of compulsive buying disorder, an important interrogative explains the different prevalence levels. Eren, Eroglu, and Hacioglu (2012) suggest that women are one and a half times more likely to experience anxiety disorders as compared to men. The comorbidity of the disorder arises due to the women’s position in society, which is characterized by power imbalances. For example, discrimination against women exposes them to threats of chronic anxiety disorders. Apart from gender, inconsistency in research on compulsive buying behaviors exists based on other demographical dimensions like age and income levels. For instance, Black (2001) found a negative correlation between income and compulsive buying density. Conversely, Mueller et al. (2011) found â €Å"no relationship between income and compulsive buying behavior† (p. 1310). Compulsive buying behavior varies according to the state of people’s development. For example, Koran et al. (2006) estimated that 6% of the Americans are likely to consume compulsively. In Germany 5 to 7 percent of the population engages in compulsive buying (Mueller.et al., 2011). Does this suggest that in Eastern countries people do not buy compulsively? Arguably, inadequate research on such nations and cross-cultural differences among consumers may lead to the attribution of higher compulsive buying to Western nations than in Eastern nations like China. Indeed, the current literature on compulsive buying documents minimal research based on developing countries like those located in Asia. The few scholarly researches on this topic in developing nations deploy theories and scales used in similar studies in the Western nations like Germany and the US amid differing lifestyles and ways of doin g business. For example, Eastern nations and Western nations have differing methodologies for paying, differing approaches in making shopping decisions, and differing consumer cultures. Stemming from the arguments developed in this section, it is important to study compulsive buying behaviors depending on cultural characteristics of the population and using a specific methodology applicable to a given nation or region. Considering that the majority of the researches in this topic base their hypothesis on compulsive buying behavior as a personality disorder, this research seeks for an alternative explanation of the behavior. It studies it as lifestyle challenge facing consumers in China. Methodology Research design This research seeks to explore the compulsive buying lifestyle amongst consumers. The study’s findings will provide insight into the consumers’ purchasing behavior. Therefore, the research is exploratory in nature. Saunders, Thornhill, and Lewis (2009) accent uate that exploratory research design enable researchers to undertake preliminary investigations in areas that have not been characterized by intensive research. Subsequently, exploratory research leads to the generation of new insights on the phenomenon under investigation (Blanche, Durrhem Painter). The research study is based on a qualitative research design, which acts as the framework that guides the researcher in answering the research question. The qualitative research design was selected in order to generate adequate data from the field in order to support the research study. Moreover, the choice of qualitative research design was further informed by the grounded theory. Strang (2015) defines the grounded theory as ‘the discovery from data systematically obtained from social research with the aim of generating or discovering a theory’ (p.449). Alternatively, the grounded theory design involves a systematic and qualitative procedure that enables researchers to d evelop a practical theory that elucidates the phenomenon under evaluation at a conceptual level. By adopting the grounded theory design, the researcher will be able to understand the social and cultural factors associated with the research topic. Subsequently, the research study will be adequately enriched. Additionally, the choice of qualitative research design is further based on the need to generate gather relevant data from the field. Andrew (2004) content that ‘qualitative research process involves emerging questions and procedures, data typically collected in the participant’s settings, data analysis that builds inductively and interpretations of the meaning of the data’ (p.46). Therefore, the qualitative research design enabled the researcher to derive data from the natural setting hence improving its credibility and validity of the research findings. The concepts of validity and credibility are some of the critical determinants of the relevance of researc h findings. Population and sampling In order to improve the capacity of the research study to enhance the consumer behavior theory using the grounded theory design, the researcher appreciated the importance of effective identification of study population. The study population was comprised of individual consumers from cultural and social backgrounds. The study population was comprised of consumers of American, Iranian, Chinese and Italian consumers. The decision to select respondents from diverse cultural backgrounds was informed by the need to understand the variation with reference to consumer behavior across different cultural backgrounds. Consequently, the study’s capacity to further explain the impact of cultural and social dimensions between Westerners and Easterners consumers on compulsive buying behavior was improved considerably. The researcher recognizes cost as a major determinant in conducting the research study. In an effort to minimize the cost of conducting the research study, the researcher integrated the concept of sampling, which entails constructing a subset from the identified study population. The study sample was constructed using the simple random sampling technique in order to minimize the occurrence of bias in constructing the sample study. Using the simple random sampling technique, the researcher provided all the subjects in the identified study population an opportunity of being included in the research study. Thus, the sample was representative of the target population. Integrating the sampling technique made the study to be manageable by minimizing the amount of time and finances required to undertake the study. Furthermore, the simple random sampling technique made the study to be representative of the prevailing consumer behavior (Scott, 2011). The research sample was comprised of 14 respondents. Fourteen [14] of the respondents were Chinese, 6 female and 4 male respondents. Conversely, two of the respondents were America n men, while the others included one Iranian woman and one Italian woman. Data collection and instrumentation The researcher understands the fact that the data collected directly influences the research findings. Thus, to improve the research findings, the study is based on data collected from primary sources in order to generate research data from the natural setting. The primary method of data collection mainly involved conducting interviews on the respondents included in the study sample. The researcher selected the interviewing technique as the method of data collection in order to conduct an in-depth review of the compulsive buying behavior amongst consumers. Adopting the interviewing technique provided the researcher an opportunity to probe further on research topic hence improving the quality of the data collected. Interviews with the selected respondents were conducted through telephone in an effort to minimize the cost of the research study. The telephone interview was base d on a number of questionnaires were designed in order to guide the researcher in the interviewing process. The questionnaires were open-ended in nature. Adoption of the open-ended questionnaires provided the respondents an opportunity to answer the questions freely by providing their opinion. Moreover, the open-ended questionnaires limited the likelihood of the researcher influencing the response provided by the respondents. The researcher ensured that the open-ended questionnaires were adequately reviewed in order to improve the respondents’ ability to understand. The questionnaires acted as the data collection guide. During the interviewing process, the researcher reviewed the respondents’ demographic characteristics. This was achieved by evaluating their age, gender, disposable income, social status, and family and relationship aspects. Moreover, the researcher reviewed the respondents’ buying behavior such as their methods of payment on purchases, amount of their shopping, and the reason for shopping. In order to improve the relevance of the data collected, the researcher further assessed the respondents’ product usage behavior. This was attained by asking the respondents whether they used the products after purchasing and if not what they do with the product. By reviewing this aspect, the researcher was able to generate insight into the compulsive buying behavior amongst consumers characterized by diverse cultural and social backgrounds. For example, the researcher was able to evaluate the consumers’ decision to increase or decrease the purchase of a particular product and the motivation for such behavior. Integrating such aspects in the research process enabled the researcher to undertake an extensive comparison of the compulsive consumer behavior. A recorder was used in storing the responses obtained from the field. Data analysis and presentation The data collected from the field was analyzed qualitatively. However, t he researcher integrated different data analysis and presentation tools. The researcher adopted tabular data presentation by organizing the research data into rows and columns. The main data analysis and presentation tools adopted include graphs, charts and tables. Furthermore, the researcher also adopts the concept of textual presentation, which entails using statements comprised of numerals in order to explain the research findings effectively. By adopting the textual presentation technique, the researcher has been able to present the collected research data in the expository form. The researcher was of the view that integrating these tools would have contributed towards the effective analysis of the descriptive research data obtained from the field. Moreover, the aforementioned data presentation methods played an essential role in improving the target audience ability to understand and interpret the data collected. Ethical issues In the course of collecting data from the field, t he researcher took into account diverse ethical issues. The objective of taking into consideration such aspects was informed by the need to improve the rate of the selected respondents participating in the research study (Finlay, 2006). First, the researcher ensured that that the selected respondents were adequately informed that the research study was aimed at adding new ideas/insight to the consumer behavior theory. Thus, the purpose of the study is academically inclined. Therefore, the researcher was able to obtain informed consent in addition to eliminating any form of suspicion from the respondents. Moreover, the researcher provided respondents with an opportunity to pullout of the research study without any negative repercussions. Moreover, the researcher observed the participants’ privacy during the research. Additionally, the researcher desisted from any form of coercion during the study process. Consequently, the respondents contributed freely in the study. Results a nd findings The study showed the existence of significant differences in compulsive buying behavior amongst consumers of different cultural and social characteristics. One of the most notable issues on compulsive buying behavior is that it extends beyond culture. On the contrary, the study showed that the consumers’ compulsive buying behavior is greatly influenced by diverse demographic characteristics. Amongst the most notable factors that lead to the development of compulsive buying behavior entails the consumers age, gender, mood, and level of disposable income. The study further shows that these aspects influence the consumers’ compulsive buying behaviors irrespective of their cultural and social backgrounds. Moreover, the study showed that individuals characterized by compulsive buying behavior mainly indulge in such a behavior due to external pressures, such as the perception by the society and family members. Forty-five percent [45%] of the respondents of the re spondents interviewed were of the opinion that they engage in compulsive buying behavior in an effort to avoid being ignored and isolated by family members and the society. Conversely, 25% of the respondents were of the opinion that they engage in compulsive buying behavior in order to reduce work-related stress while 20% of the respondents said that their compulsive buying behavior has been motivated by the need to forget their financial loss or trauma. Moreover, 10% of the respondents were of the opinion that they engage in such behavior in an effort to compensate or cope with the feeling of being humiliated, powerless or having a faded role. The graph below illustrates the variation in the respondents’ opinion on their motivation towards compulsive buying behavior. Respondent opinion Rate of response To avoid feeling ignored and isolated 45% To reduce work-related stress 25% To forget financial stress and trauma 20% To cope with feeling of humiliation/powerless 10% Discussion Several studies confirm multi-dimensional aspects of compulsive purchasing behavior. Compulsive buying behavior is extensively influenced by personal and environmental characteristics. Faber and O’Guinn (1992) note that buyers can be grouped into different scales. A Canadian measurement scale for compulsive purchasing behaviors identified three main dimensions of the behavior, viz. spending tendency, reactive aspects, and guilt after purchasing. The findings of the study conducted affirm that the compulsive buying behavior is not subject to the consumers’ cultural backgrounds only. On the contrary, other individual traits are central determinants in the development of compulsive buying behavior. This shows that individuals’ personality is a critical determinant in the development of compulsive buying behavior. Traditional behavioral theories postulate that individuals’ personality is due to the interaction between an individual’s personal characteristics and the environmental influences. This finding is further supported by Faber and O’Guinn (1992) who affirm that compulsive buying behaviors mainly arise from five main personality dimensions. These dimensions include agreeableness, extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, and imagination. The research study showed that all the respondents characterized by compulsive buying behavior have a common factor that motivates them to engage in such behavior. One of the most common factors entails avoidance. Therefore, consumers develop such behavior in an effort to avoid situations that are unpleasant to the customers. Some consumers engage in such practices in an effort to leave a potentially provoking situation. Williams (2009) emphasizes that ‘avoidance can also be a more subtle and include things like quickly leaving anxiety-provoking situations as soon as any anxiety is noticed’ (p.124). Therefore, some consumers engage in compulsive bu ying in an effort to avoid certain situations depending on their feeling. From the findings, avoidance can be categorized into three main levels, which include Active avoidance; this form avoidance is aimed at distracting an individual’s compulsive buying behavior. This form of avoidance mainly targets avoiding unwanted emotions, memories, failures, and experiences that stimulate the development of compulsive buying behavior. Compensate for control; this form of avoidance is aimed at limiting the development of compulsive purchasing behavior due to pressure from different sources such as family and workplace amongst other sources of pressure. Avoidance in an effort to cope with life problems Conclusion Understanding the consumer buying behavior comprises a vital element in organization’s marketing activities. First, understanding the buying behavior provides organizational managers insight on the most effective strategy to adopt in order to influence the consumersâ⠂¬â„¢ purchase decision-making process. Organization’s marketing managers should appreciate the existence of differences with reference to consumer buying behavior. The study shows the consumers’ buying behavior is a factor of the consumers’ personality and the influence of the external pressures. This phenomenon is well illustrated by the compulsive buying behavior. The behavior entails a compelling need to purchase a product or service in an effort to satisfy a particular need. The compulsive buying behavior may have a negative impact on the consumer’s purchasing power because the consumer engages in excessive purchase of commodities aimed at addressing psychological needs such as anxieties and avoidance of negative emotions such as humiliation and ignorance. Therefore, one can argue that the compulsive buying behavior is motivated by the need to entrench an individual’s social status or class. Compulsive buying behavior stimulates consumers to m ake purchases without considering the consequences of their behavior including post-purchase guilt. Past research conducted in Westerns nations’ settings like Germany, Canada, and the US considers it as a personality disorder. On the contrary, this research adopted a different paradigm. It studied the issue as a lifestyle problem. This goal has been achieved by comparison of purchasing behavior across consumers from Eastern countries such as China. The study underscores the existence of similarity with reference to the factors stimulating development of compulsive buying behavior across consumers characterized by varied cultural and social characteristics. One of the reasons for the existence of compulsive buying behavior entails avoidance. Consumers characterized by such practices are motivated by the need to avoid an unfavorable occurrence in their consumption patterns. In summary, understanding the compulsive buying behavior is a fundamental element in improving an organiz ation’s capacity to generate sales by exploiting the compulsive buying behavior. For example, organizations should consider integrating effective marketing strategies that influence the development of compulsive buying behavior amongst consumers. One of the fundamental aspects that marketers should take into consideration entails the consumers’ personality. References Black, D. (2001). Compulsive Buying Disorder: Definition, Assessment, Epidemiology and Clinical Management. CNS Drugs, 15(1), 17–27.835 Dittmar, H., Long, K., Bond, R. (2007). When a better self is only a button click away: associations between materialistic values, emotional and identity-related buying motives, and compulsive buying tendency online. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 26(3), 334-361. Edwards, A. (1993). Development of a New Scale for Measuring Compulsive Buying Behavior. Financial Counseling and Planning, 4(2), 67-85. Eren, S., Eroglu, F., Hacioglu, G. (2012). Compulsive B uying Tendencies through Materialistic and Hedonic Values among College Students in Turkey. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 58 (1), 1370 –1377. Faber, J., O’Guinn, C. (1992). A Clinical Screener for Compulsive Buying. Journal of Consumer Research, 19(3), 459–469. Faber, R., O’Guinn, C. (1989). Compulsive Buying: A Phenomenon logical Exploration. Journal of Consumer Research, 16(2), 147–157. Finlay, L. (2006). Rigor, Ethical Integrity or Artistry† Reflexively Reviewing Criteria For Evaluating Qualitative Research. British Journal of occupational Therapy, 69(7), 319-326. Freshwater, D., Sherwood, G., Drury, V. (2006). International research collaboration: Issues, benefits and challenges of the global network. Journal of Research in marketing, 11(4), 295-303. Goodstein, L., Lanyon, R. (2009). Application of Personality Assessment to the Work Place. Journal of Business and Psychology, 13(3), 291-313. Grant, R., Clarke, R., Kyriazis, E. (2013 ). Modeling Real-Time Online Information: A New Research Approach for Complex Consumer Behavior. Journal of Marketing Management, 29 (8), 950-972. Kihlstrom, J., Beer, S., Klein, B. (2002). Self and Identity as Memory. New York, NY: Guilford Press. Koran, L., Faber, R., Aboujaoude, E., Large, M., Serpe, R. (2006). Estimated Prevalence of Compulsive Buying Behavior in the United States. American Journal of Psychiatry, 16(3), 1806-1812. Kukar, M., Ridgway, N., Monroe, K. (2009). The Relationships Between Consumers’ Tendencies To Buy Compulsively and their Motivations to Shop and Buy on the Internet. Journal of Retailing, 85(3), 298-307. Li, S., Unger, A., Bi, C. (2014). Different Facets of Compulsive Buying Among Chinese Students. Journal of Behavioral Addiction, 3(4), 238-245. Maraz, A., Eisinger, A., Hende, B., Urbn, R., Paksi, B., Kun, B., Demetrovics, Z. (2014). Measuring compulsive buying behavior: Psychometric validity of three different scales and prevalence in the ge neral population and in shopping centers. Psychiatry Research, 225 (2), 326-34. Mueller, A., Mitchell, J., Claes, L., Faber, R., Fischer, J., De Zwaan, M. (2011). Does Compulsive Buying Differ Between Male and Female Students? Personality and Individual Differences, 50(3), 1309-1312. Neuner, M., Raab, G., Reisch L. (2005). Compulsive Buying in Maturing Consumer Societies: An Empirical Re-Inquiry. Journal of Economic Psychology, 26(4), 509–522. Otero-Là ³pez, J., Pol, E. (2013). Compulsive Buying and the Five-Factor Model of Personality: A Facet Analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 55 (1), 585-590. Pachauri, M. (2001). Consumer Behavior: A Literature Review. The Marketing Review, 2(1), 319-355. Saunders, M., Thornhill, A., Lewis, P. (2009). Research Methods for Business Students. New York, NY: Prentice Hall. Scott, S. (2011). Research Methodology: Sampling Techniques. Journal of Scientific Research, 2(1), 87-92. Strang, K. (2015). The Palgrave handbook of res earch design in business and management. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. Stricker, G., Widiger, T., Weiner, I. (2003). Handbook of Psychology: Clinical Psychology. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons. Williams, C. (2009). Overcoming anxiety, stress, and panic; a five areas approach. New York, NY: CRC Press.

Law and Policy in Society

Law and Policy in Society It is not an everyday occurrence that someone must decide the destiny of another's life. The quandary of making a judgment that someone must die in order for the others to survive, can clearly be troubling. The procedure in which the termination of one's life may be easy to make, but to justify that choice is the most complicated one.Today, you can have an abortion if your child is mentally retarded... if it is in the first trimester of a woman's pregnancy. It used to not be this way and when dealing with the law as evolutionary adaptation it merely tries to make things better off for society now and in the future. You take one step at a time and when you look at the years before us, evolutionary adaptation has come a long way. With these new laws or changed laws coming into play it is essential that they are followed to better our society.English: President George H. W. Bush signs the Ame...Law as Morality is just on of the many laws that differentiates between state to state but th is one also differentiates from person to person. Law as morality is a law that comes from what you think is morally correct. Morality is the choices we make, and the actions we take. Moral people behave according to personal and public ethics. Immoral people deviate from established behavior. Since the purpose of laws is to condone one type of behavior and condemn another, the making of laws impacts our actions. In a situation such as a set of twins whom are connected at birth and one is going to have to die to save the other. The only thing is, is that one of the twins is healthier than the other, so which one do you kill? Law and morality play a large role...

The Best Way to Watch Whales from Shore on Cape Cod

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The community paramedic - Essay Example Johns Ambulance of Western Australia) community paramedics are described as follows by The Council of Ambulance Authorities (CAA) report from the year 2009: The advantages of this new development are numerous and community focused. First, is that there is better access to healthcare services for isolated patients. Paramedics are often trained to reach remote locations and deal with diverse situations whether acute, emergency or chronic. This need is further exacerbated by the fact that physicians have been unwilling to attend to patients at home level (Money) due to matters of violence, cost and other issues (Magin P) (J). This therefore makes it possible for patients to access better healthcare in these remote areas. They, also provide an alternative to crowding of local health facilities that may be small or inadequately equipped. This is because facilities are known to be less equipped due to the reduced populous of the rural areas. The paramedics though, have adequate training and access to facilities such as life support that can be utilized in certain settings to enhance survival odds of patients before they get access to larger more equipped hospitals. Another advantage of the community paramedics is the reduction of load on the national emergency system 911, as they attend to the repeat cases and cases such as those of prank callers, drug abusers, chronically ill and mentally ill patients. This has a subtle advantage as it allows the 911 service to be more effective as an emergency tool for the truly deserving cases. This, though, is not to imply that the minor cases are less deserving. This also reduces the total budget cost on the state thus diverting the resources to provision of healthcare on other levels. Another advantage of this new venture is the fact that chronically ill patients, elderly patients and patients in need of frequent checkup can be catered for this is a service previously hard to come by, but highly essential for this

Explore the Measurement, Extent, Causes And Consequences of Inequality Essay

Explore the Measurement, Extent, Causes And Consequences of Inequality - Essay Example This essay stresses that income inequality results in many intense issues including low levels of trust, high prevalence rate of mental illness, infant mortality, homicides, and teenage births, increased imprisonment rates, decreased life expectancy, and high incidence of obesity. Evidently, this situation would force national governments to allot huge funds for addressing these issues. Therefore, governments cannot raise enough funds for promoting development activities; instead, they get less time to focus on economic growth. Researchers indicate that income inequality and the resulted social stratification may lead to high levels of psychological stress which in turn may intensify the issues like alcohol and substance abuse, depression, and poor community life. This paper makes a conclusion that it is clear inequality is becoming a growing issue all around the globe. The lion’s part of the world’s total incomes goes to a small percent of the richest people. Inequality leads to issues like lower life expectancy, high violence rate, low levels of trust, and other health and social problems. Hence, this issue adversely affects a nation’s economic growth. In order to address this issue, national governments must ensure a minimum wage for all citizens regardless of their age, sex, religion, or politics. It is also recommendable for governments to impose huge income tax rates on rich people and to exempt the poor from taxes and other duties.

The community paramedic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The community paramedic - Essay Example Johns Ambulance of Western Australia) community paramedics are described as follows by The Council of Ambulance Authorities (CAA) report from the year 2009: The advantages of this new development are numerous and community focused. First, is that there is better access to healthcare services for isolated patients. Paramedics are often trained to reach remote locations and deal with diverse situations whether acute, emergency or chronic. This need is further exacerbated by the fact that physicians have been unwilling to attend to patients at home level (Money) due to matters of violence, cost and other issues (Magin P) (J). This therefore makes it possible for patients to access better healthcare in these remote areas. They, also provide an alternative to crowding of local health facilities that may be small or inadequately equipped. This is because facilities are known to be less equipped due to the reduced populous of the rural areas. The paramedics though, have adequate training and access to facilities such as life support that can be utilized in certain settings to enhance survival odds of patients before they get access to larger more equipped hospitals. Another advantage of the community paramedics is the reduction of load on the national emergency system 911, as they attend to the repeat cases and cases such as those of prank callers, drug abusers, chronically ill and mentally ill patients. This has a subtle advantage as it allows the 911 service to be more effective as an emergency tool for the truly deserving cases. This, though, is not to imply that the minor cases are less deserving. This also reduces the total budget cost on the state thus diverting the resources to provision of healthcare on other levels. Another advantage of this new venture is the fact that chronically ill patients, elderly patients and patients in need of frequent checkup can be catered for this is a service previously hard to come by, but highly essential for this

Astronmy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Astronmy - Essay Example (PEI) 25) Erosional activity is closely related to planetary size and distance from the Sun. Accordingly, â€Å"larger worlds also have more erosion because their gravity retains an atmosphere.† (PEI 30) In addition, the closer a planet is to the sun, the hotter it is disabling rain, snow and ice to occur and effect erosional activity. So, planets close to the Sun have less erosion. In addition, other factors such as planets having liquid water sustain more erosion; and the rotation of the planets contribute to erosion. The faster the rotation of planets, the more susceptible for erosion due to more weather and a stronger magnetic field (PEI 32). Therefore, Mercury, Venus and the Moon share the following characteristics: (1) they are closer to the Sun; (2) they are smaller in size (compared to the Earth) cooling easier and hardening earlier therefore they do not retain an atmosphere; (3) Mercury and the Moon do not have geological activities; (4) it is more difficult for hot planets to retain an atmosphere. In these regard, these planets and the moon do not have significant erosion as compared to the

Cultural Differences between China and the U.S.A. Essay Example for Free

Cultural Differences between China and the U.S.A. Essay China and the United States have different cultural backgrounds, different values and national conditions, it determines the Sino-US education idea, education mode and method is put in the difference with bigger. Chinas basic education and basic education in the United States were compared, the majority of people believe that education is the foundation of China, the basic education, learn more understanding and less; American education is to cultivate innovation ability education, learning more than studying. What is the science or Enlightenment? In twentieth Century, the famous British mathematician, philosopher, educator Whitehead once said: education is a complicated problem On this issue there is only a little I can be sure, that is not generally applicable and simple way. Each student in the school s development, it is not only the educational mode, education content, education system and method to decide, because in the growth of the students, society, family, school education and individual four together play. Therefore, we can not only with the part of the students development, to assert that the entire education system rationality, so it is unreasonable. Two the difference of basic education between China and America Basic education between China and America merits, different people hold no point of view. For example, if the comparison is the mathematical curriculum, China s basic education must exceed the United States; but if the comparison of students practical ability especially the practice ability and innovation ability, the American basic education is certainly more than chinese. Elementary education between America and why there is this discrepancy? First, the two countries have very different educational tradition, Chinese basic education pay attention to the accumulation of knowledge and indoctrination, pay attention to the cultivation of students knowledge of their master, pay attention to the cultivation of students the same thinking. While the United States is to pay attention to the training of students to use the knowledge to solve the actual problem ability, pay attention to the cultivation of the students knowledge of development and innovation, pay attention to the cultivation of students critical thinking and divergent thinking. We can see, China Education focused on knowledge static acceptance, and the United States of America education focuses on knowledge of the dynamic control; China is a mode of education, while the United States is a kind of elite education. As the Nobel winner professor Chen Ning Yang said, China and the United States educational philosophy is quite different, the United States of America education philosophy on the former 30%-40% student is good, because they do not need to follow the prescribed order of learning, can jump in learning, the students through training can quickly achieve success. While Chinese education philosophy on 30%-40% student is good, because these students follow the prescribed order, has a solid foundation of the process, have become the opportunity. Secondly, different country on the foundation stage of Education Foundation has different understanding. Take mathematics as an example, the educational circles of China have historically considered, the basic concept and the basic operation is the foundation of mathematics in middle school, so we need to remember a lot of formulas and theorems. While the United States that know where to find these theorems and formulas are more important, they think that can be found in these formulas and theorems, there is no need to worry effort to memory, the brain can be saved to think about other things, such as the theorem has applications? If I need to learn? Wait. Chinas education is the basis of that, the brain in a computer independent premise, the reserve knowledge as much as possible, as quickly as possible to extract knowledge, so Chinese students of the brain in these two aspects are fully trained ( on the end game wood, 2002). American education is the basis of that, the brain to make full use of the computer under the premise of development, give up those belonging to the computer work area required capacity, only those belonging to the computer cannot work areas required capacity ( on the end game wood, 2002). Therefore, when by virtue of classroom achievement scholarship, American students often than Chinese students, but can make full use of information tools, in specific practice areas, do some research work, Chinese students often than American students. Hence, in the development of brain underlying function, Chinese education better, but in the use of a variety of information tools to solve problems and make innovation, the United States educational advantage is self-evident. Moreover, from the value tropism, the American basic education from the perspective of individualism, individual supreme is the traditional value pursuit, American basic education of cultivating the students personality and creativity. Basic education in China is from social interests, collectivism and patriotism values is its tradition of the pursuit of value, which determines that Chinas basic education carried by the individual ability and the training of creative ability are also and values related to. This and the American individualism education a fundamental distinction. For example, the concrete teaching activity, the United States to encourage students to have their own ideas, teachers in the teaching process, pay attention to the students independent personalized thinking habits, pay attention to the students divergent thinking and critical thinking of the culture, politics, religion, history and many other aspects of the many problems teachers are prohibited to provide the only correct the answer, encourage a variety of different views exist, against the teacher instead of students thinking. China education focusing on the same thinking, when the examination, assessment focus is often the students knowledge, objective test almost flooded in the sciences, inspects the student to answer whether the test standard and consistent answers, the side guide students and teachers to set the only answer to be consistent, so the result is the most students rely on Teachers thinking and teaching. This and the United States banned from providing the only answer is quite different. The United States of America education emphasizes individual, Chinese education emphasizes respect love others. The ancients cloud, respect for nature love herself, not nurture. So we think, Chinese basic education relative to the United States of America s individualistic education, superior and more. Chinese basic education should be guaranteed in the standard of society under the premise of the pursuit of individual students and innovation ability the development of maximization. Finally, China s basic education attaches importance to the sound of the United States, and a plurality of Chinese education; education pay attention to the longitudinal depth, while the United States Education attention span; the United States of America education pay attention to cultivate students self-confidence and self-reliance spirit, Chinese education pay attention to cultivate students strict and rigorous academic attitude. The United States of America corresponding, a loose, free atmosphere, can fully take care of every student interest and the hobby; while the Chinese basic education is dull. Basic education in China is characterized by fast speed, high degree of difficulty, knowledge of many points, the high degree of abstraction, often the United States a week about the content of China, ten minutes can be finished, and students have the pressure of the college entrance examination, relative to foreign countries, students by pressure, quoting professor Chen Ning Yang s words Chinese education narrow stiff. From the above we can see, China, in the education idea, education mode and method, there is a great difference. China s education is more a model of education; and the United States of America focuses on emphasizing the innovation spirit, individualism, is a kind of elite education. In essence, focusing on innovation or focus on the foundation is an American basic education and basic education in China the fundamental difference. As the Nobel winner professor Chen Ning Yang said, China and the United States of America Education Foundation, cannot tell which one is good, which one is not good, be it differs from man to man. In the teaching process, for Chinese students, they should have more innovation, for American students, should let them lay a good foundation, it can compensate for each other, is the most appropriate. Three thinking American education is to the East, began to seize a base. In 2001 June, the United States President Bush proposed an education reform bill, $24000000000 in primary and secondary schools to strengthen the education investment and management, requires that all schools must hold the reading test ( approximate Chinese examination ) and math exam, students must pass the examination before graduation, only students meet the eligibility requirements, the school to receive federal extra government funding. If 3 consecutive unqualified, principals and teachers to leave. The bill got through to absolute advantage. Comparison of reference only, can only draw lessons from, in order to improve. The United States has acted, we should also take action. As can be seen, the United States of America s elementary education reform focuses on the basis of innovation in bridge foundation. China s basic education traditionally focus too much on the cultivation of students Collectivism, patriotism and common thinking, without adequate attention to the cultivation of students personality and creativity, so the education of our country should be based on the basis of the increase in innovation. ( a ) curriculum and course requirements We should give full consideration to the child and adolescent students physical, mental and psychological development stage, progressive. Different students should have different learning tasks, can not be one-sided pursuit of knowledge and too many courses, to know that knowledge is endless, the source of knowledge is very rich, cant put the eye only to lock in the textbook, should give students leave enough space for development, to those who have expertise students with adequate development of individualized freedom, as they provide sufficient superior conditions and the necessary learning guidance, so that more of Qian Zhongshus birth. The United States is not the national curriculum standards, but states, counties or districts can compile curriculum standard. From look on the whole, the United States of America curriculum is quite flexible, mainly including compulsory courses and elective classes two categories. Required courses for credit is more, content is wide but not deep, emphasize the students practical ability, thinking ability and awareness of the problem, to solve the question ability. Elective course of many types, are based mainly on students, employment and social life of the actual need, students according to their own interest in free to choose, to obtain the required credits. So we think, our country in the setting of curriculum time completely should learn from the American experience, emphasize the foundation of life, pay attention to life experience, guide multivariate development, more from the needs of society and students survival needs to consider, setting conforms to our country national curriculum standard. ( two) teaching material Chinese teaching material relative to the United States, is boring. Take the United States of Literature, the contents of the article are novels, short stories, essays and other kinds of themes, but, each subject by a number of different age, different types of styles of different articles. The article, with background reports, authors and other related content. In addition, each lesson has special column has associated the literature Web site, thereby facilitating students extracurricular reading. Many foreign genre, content is wide, it is domestic Chinese textbook can match. Therefore, we can draw lessons from the United States of America teaching material on knowledge widen, the contempt of the depth of knowledge of excessive mining; attach importance to the students practice ability, practical ability training, the contempt of the knowledge of the rote learning; pay attention to students learning autonomy, independence and creativity cultivation, despise the same thinking too much training, so as to our teaching materials, arrangement of reform. At the same time, the United States of America textbook illustrations, vivid image, in our textbook layout can also absorb it to this experience. ( three) the classroom teaching Our classroom teaching, classroom capacity, demand is high, the classroom atmosphere more serious. Although this gives students lay a solid system foundation, but also brought inactive classroom, teacher, student thinking less defects, typical teacher-centered teaching mode, and the United States of America free, relaxed classroom atmosphere, students can walk freely during the class, free discussion, to express own viewpoint, is a typical student centered teaching mode. Therefore, we can draw lessons from the United States of America s absorption of education mode, form Chinese characteristic education pattern, which is put forward by Professor He Kekang dominated subject education mode, to improve the traditional classroom teaching, improve the students enthusiasm and initiative, to cultivate the students creative thinking and divergent thinking. The specific measures are as follows: First of all, optimize the teaching goals. According to the needs of social development, developed to meet the needs of social development, meet the future employment needs of specific teaching objectives, and formulate the corresponding evaluation scheme, to ensure the teaching objectives of the implementation. Secondly, adjust the structure of classroom. Outstanding students as the main body, autonomous learning, free development idea, overcome students hello eat teaching phenomenon. Then, strengthen teaching methods. To follow through induction, guide correctly, improve students questions, the practical ability to solve problems, teachers should change their roles from the traditional preaching, impart knowledge and solve doubts are transformed into organizer, promoter, by management as a guide, the relationship between teachers and students should be converted to partners. At the same time, the teacher in the teaching process, pay attention to the use of suitable for the courses of various teaching mode of application, such as inquiry-based learning, Blended Learning. Finally, to create a good teaching environment. To establish harmonious relationship between teachers and students, to the students to create a good, harmonious, free study atmosphere. To encourage the learning and the use of modern information technology, the research and production of computer auxiliary teaching courseware, improving the quality of teaching, at the same time, make full use of the school to provide the digital learning environment, in the teaching process can realize the information technology and curriculum integration. ( four) other aspects In strengthening the above aspects at the same time, but also to improve the treatment of teachers, strengthening the teachers team construction; increase the investment in education, improve school conditions; at the same time regular teacher training, improve the quality of teaching. Four summary Through the above on the United States and China basic education after comparing, we can see, actually the most ideal education is the two kind of education modes advantages of integration, this will have solid foundation and innovation. But as a result of these two kinds of educational models are based on different cultural traditions and social background, so together with considerable difficulty. Chinas basic education and higher education, there exist some problems and shortcomings, the United States of America education it has many advantages and advanced education in China, worth learning. But this does not mean that the Chinese education reform must complete to American education as an example, the overall absorption, to know the Sino-US education system is rooted in the cultural tradition, historical background and value orientation, whoever can not fully absorb each others essence. To sum up, we can see, different education reflects the different social and cultural connotation of the United States now, suitable teaching methods may not be entirely suitable for the Chinese education. Therefore, China s education must be based on suitable for Chinas national conditions based on the, it reflects the Chinese social and cultural connotation. So, how to explore with Chinese characteristics, in line with Chinas national education method and the education system, is our future education